BECOMING THE ‘ABID

Acknowledgments
Introduction
- Post-2011 debates on race and racism in Tunisia
- Ethnic boundaries in southern Tunisia
- Southern Tunisian post-slavery hierarchies
- Gosbah
- Methodology
- Outline
- Transliteration, names, and pictures

PART ONE
1. Notions and debates about slavery and race in Africa and in the Ottoman Empire
- African slaveries
- Islamic slaveries
- Race in North Africa
- Ottoman and Tunisian slavery

2. Abolition in Muslim countries and in Tunisia
- Muslim abolitionism
- Abolition and “collective manumission”
- Tunisia’s early abolition
- What happened to freed slaves?
- Wala’

PART TWO Becoming the ‘Abid
3. Freeing the ‘abid
- Gosbah and the ‘Abid
- People without an Arab origin
- Becoming the ‘Abid
- The seven brothers, or the ‘Abid Ghbonton’s foundation story
- From slavery to wala’

4. Marrying the ‘abid
- The origin of “blackness”
- ‘Abid Ghbonton marriages and the tendency to isogamy
- Interracial marriages
- Hypo- and hyper-descent
- Race-evasion strategies

5. Working as ‘abid
- Mohammed and Sana
- Menial jobs
- Sidi Bilal’s legacy
- Stambeli
- Tayfa, the prestige of the ‘Abid
- Tayfa, the modesty of the ‘Abid
- Generational gaps

6. Today’s ‘abid
- Babūch, the gold of the sea
- Djerba, the land of milk and honey
- We don’t know how to do harga
- 2016 demonstrations

7. Post 2011 activism
- The ‘Abid Ghbonton and black rights activists
- The category of “black” Tunisians
- The nation-building process
- The homogenisation of the category of “black” Tunisians
- After 2011: rise and development of black rights activism
- Black rights activists’ discourse
- Recent developments

Conclusion

Glossary
Bibliography
Notes